Black And White Essay -- essays research papers

Black and WhiteFollowing the Civil War, just prior to the turn of the century, manyAmerican novelist were writing more freely of the previous slave culture. Twoof these writers being Mark Twain and Charles Chesnutt. Mark Twain was apopular whiten author by this time. Charles Chesnutt, the news of free blacks,decided to pursue a dream of becoming an author in order to remove the spirit ofracism. By studying these authors in particular, the views of a white raised inthe slave h over-the-hilling south are juxtaposed with the views of free black. Both Twainand Chesnutt satirize whites in different ship canal through their literature. Twainalso displays some unfavorable preconceptions of blacks. This can be attributedto his own upbringing in the slave holding south.The main character of the Chesnutt stories is an old Negro man,previously a slave, who engages his new white employers in many tales about lifeon the plantation. Uncle Julius relays these stories with much detail. Though,at the conclusion of each, the reader is left(a) wondering whether the tale wastrue or if Uncle Julius had conceived of it merely to satisfy his own desires.Chesnutt has added to the end of each story an ulterior motive of Uncle Juliusthat seems to be met by the intercourse of his tales. By doing this, Chesnuttdiscretely satirizes whites in general.In the first story, The Goophered Grapevine, Uncle Julius tells of aconjure woman putting a goopher on the grapevines, causing all blacks that eatthe grapes to die inside one year. This story is relayed upon the first meetingof the northern white couple (John and Annie) and the native South Carolinian.After telling his tale of Henry and the others that suffered from this spell,Uncle Julius concludes that these northerners should not deal this vineyard,adding conveniently that he is not afraid to eat the grapes because he know the ole vimes fum de noo ones.John decides to buy the farm in spite of Uncle Juliuss warnings, but hedoes oblatio n him employment as a coachman. It seems as if Uncle Julius had beentrying to guarantee his usefulness on the plantation even after its sale. Waswhite man tricked into believing Julius association would be useful in therenewing of the vineyards? Chesnutt lets the reader wonder, but regardless ofhis tale being ... ... of blacks, especially her own blackheritage. When scolding her son tom turkey for refusing to challenge the twins, Roxyblames his cowardice on de nigger in him. After noting all of the predominantwhite members of his pedigree, she concludes that de nigger is his soul.Twain seems to redeem some assumptions of his own that blacks have no pridein their own heritage.Twain and Chesnutt both satirize whites, but in different ways. Twain,being a white, satirizes the slave holding south, preferably than whites in general.Chesnutt, on the other hand, uses a couple from the north in a story set in thefree south. Chesnutt also is more descrete in his satire, while Twain pokes fundirectly. Twain also displays some of his own prejudices, being a white tryingto explain the black culture. On the contrary, Chesnutt frankly portraysblacks from an inside perspective. Roxy was ashamed of the black blood in her,while Uncle Julius seemed to be a proud old man, happy to tell of his blackfriends and past. From the analysis these literary selections we can gain agreater understanding of racial views but, one may say that everything is not assimple as black and white

Lord of the Flies - Savagery Essay -- English Literature Essays

Lord of the Flies - SavageryThere are in like manner many people, and too fewer human beings. (Robert Zend) Even though there are many people on this planet, there are very few civilized people. Most of them are naturally savaged. In the book, Lord of the Flies, by William Golding, boys are stranded on an island far away, with no connections to the adult world. These children, having no rules, or civilization, have their true nature exposed. Not surprisingly, these childrens nature happens to be savagery. Savagery can clearly be identified in humans when there are no rules, when the right situation arouses, and finally when there is no civilization around us. Without rules, savagery takes over. Without rules, man is free to do whatever he desires. Meaning, their true nature will be exposed. That nature is surely savagery. For example, when you watch little kids, you tend to notice that if one has a toy, the other will starting a fight just to get a toy. Since the kids dont know t he difference between rights and wrong, theyre just expressing themselves naturally, which happens to be savagery. Here is a quote from Golding from chapter 4 of his book that proves that rules are the basis to civilization. Roger gathered a handful of stones and began to throw them. Yet there was a space round Henry, perhaps six yards in diameter, into which he dare not throw. Here, invisible yet strong, was the taboo of the old life. Round the squatting child was the protection of parents and scho...

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Being born into a Indian family, where the cuisine is knifelike makes staying healthy and fit almost impossible. Almost everything we eat is fried and full of oil and butter. or else of eating sm each(prenominal) meals with snacks in between we eat 3 big meals. Although most of the food is cooked at home it is still full of fat. Indians are known for their amazing food and the reason it tastes so heavenly is because of all the oil and butter in it. Who can resist the temptation of such delicious food? Did you know that obesity is part of the top 10 factors of demolition? Being obese can cause serious problems and can be dangerous for normal life. Obesity is a common problem nowadays, which occurred because of various factors such as, development of human civilization, transport, media and communication devices. The increase in technology makes pot lazier, rarely moving and spending their free time sitting in await of the computer. People are giving up quality for speed, is it worth it? Obesity is a major issue I deal with almost everyday, I make several family members who are obese. My family members who are obese dont care that they are obese and they just come on living the wrong type of lifestyle. They lay out that obesity is a disease when many just say its a lifestyle. Being obese isnt easy, yet half the people in America chose nothing to do about it. If people do not do anything to get rid of obesity then the cycle will continue to go on and I need to figure out how to get obese people to live a healthier lifestyle and influence these people to break the cycle. This semester I will be researching on whether obesity is a disease or a lifestyle. I also expect to research wherefore the sudden rise in obesity, and what can be done to reduce it. ... ...healthy and not exercise. Eating vegetables and working out is not easy but it is something that call for to be done to maintain a healthy life. Growing up I was surrounded by obese people and tri ed to eat as healthy as I can so that I would not become obese. While my family would be eating dessert I would eat vegetables. Instead of watching T.V with the rest of my family, I would go outside and play. I guess you can say I was born to be health conscious and want the rest of the world to be healthy also. Researching on obesity is going to be very interesting and seeing the differences in peoples opinions on whether it is a disease or a lifestyle is going to be another interesting aspect. Writing about this topic will wait on me help those who need some kind of motivation to lose weight and live a healthier lifestyle. Obesity is a huge issue that needs supernumerary attention.

The Minamata Disease as an Example of Government Weakness Essay

The Minamata Disease as an Example of Government WeaknessThe effects of Minamata disease, which originated in Minamata, Japan, first came to the economic aid of local fishermen. They referred to cats afflicted with the disease as the suicide-prone group of dancing cats due to their tendency to dance around, and then jump into the nearby bay (Ui, 1992). From 1940 through the new 20th century, thousands of inhabitants of Minamata developed that same neurological disease that resulted from heavy industrial pollution of Minamata Bay. They did not receive adequate government protection against such a disaster because of the citys poor economic structure and the relentless national drive to industrialize Japan. One company, Nippon Chisso Ltd. or Chisso for short, which worked extensively with chemicals in the ware of energy and of industrial materials, comprised the local economy. Before it became a center for the Japanese chemical industry, Minamata generated revenue alm ost entirely from salt production enterprises. In 1908, the Japanese government had latterly decided to take over the salt industry and the village needed new sources of income. At the same time Jun Noguchi, a recently graduated electrical engineer and founder of the Chisso Company, needed a location to build a new carbide production plant. Minamata won the bid for the factorys location through a favorable deal to Noguchi, in which the local government offered the old salt industrys land at precise low prices. The city also provided a route for electricity to reach the factory at no charge (Ui, 1992). These offers established the policy of the government, and indeed of Minamata as a whole, to defer to the Chisso Companys wishes to ... .... Measures to avoid a situation of that nature must focus on the enactment of effective policy by both local and national governments to regulate their industries, and focus on having an adequate number of revenue-generating industries so a s not to jeopardize public interests.ReferencesUi, J. (1992). Industrial taint in Japan. Tokyo United Nation University PressHarada, M. (n.d.). Minamata disease and the Mercury Pollution of the Globe.Retrieved February 19, 2003, fromhttp//www.einap.org/envdis/Minamata.htmlname. Littlefield, A. (1996). Minamata Bay Pollution in Japan and Health Impacts. Retrieved February 19, 2003, from http//www.american.edu/TED/MINAMATA.HTM. Ziegler, J. (1995). Rays of Hope in the Land of the Rising Sun Electronic version.Environmental Health Perspectives, 103(5), (n.p.).

gatillus Illusion Vs. Reality in F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby :: Great Gatsby Essays

Illusion Vs. Reality in The Great Gatsby A confusion of the real with the ideal neer goes unpunished, is how Goethe states not to mistake fantasy for reality. In the novel, The Great Gatsby, by F. Scott Fitzgerald, many of the characters live in an illusory world, though few can take care reality. Fitzgerald presents Jay Gatsby as one character who cannot see reality. Cant repeat the past? Why of course you can(Pg. 116) He focuses so strongly on trying to get what he had in the past that he cannot face the reality that he cannot have Daisy. When Gatsby meets Daisy, he tells her that he is from a wealthy family to try to convince her that he is congruous of her. He also thinks that he can buy Daisy with his money. In addition, Jay Gatsbys real name is James Gatz. He changes his name because he wants to be a diametric person. Gatsby stakes everything on his dreams, but he does not realize that his dreams are unworthy of him. He loves Daisy so much that he cannot see h ow money corrupts her. Daisy Buchanan is other character who lives in an illusory world. Daisy marries Tom only because he has money. Daisy is in love with material objects. She uses her money to get away from reality, and when she feels threatened, she hides behind her money. Furthermore, she says, And I intrust shell be a fool-Thats the best thing a girl can be in this world, a beautiful little fool.(Pg. 21) regarding her daughter Pammy. This statement shows interpreter of her corruption because she is saying that it is better to be careless and beautiful instead of worrying about real things. Daisy wears white, which represents purity, but she is corrupted by money, which is gold and yellow. The colors white, yellow and gold are like the flower that Daisy is named after. Another character, Nick Carraway, is one of the few people in The Great Gatsby that lives in reality. Theyre a stinking crowd. Youre worth the whole damn bunch put together, (Pg.162) is an ex ample of how Nick realizes the corruption that money brings. While Gatsby allows money to possess him, Nick can see the destructive force of it.

gatillus Illusion Vs. Reality in F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby :: Great Gatsby Essays

Illusion Vs. Reality in The Great Gatsby A confusion of the real with the ideal never goes unpunished, is how Goethe states not to mistake illusion for reality. In the novel, The Great Gatsby, by F. Scott Fitzgerald, many of the characters live in an unreal world, though few can figure reality. Fitzgerald presents Jay Gatsby as one character who cannot see reality. Cant repeat the past? Why of course you can(Pg. 116) He focuses so strongly on trying to get what he had in the past that he cannot face the reality that he cannot have Daisy. When Gatsby meets Daisy, he tells her that he is from a wealthy family to try to convince her that he is worthy of her. He also thinks that he can buy Daisy with his money. In addition, Jay Gatsbys real name is James Gatz. He changes his name because he wants to be a different person. Gatsby stakes everything on his dreams, notwithstanding he does not realize that his dreams be unworthy of him. He loves Daisy so much that he cannot see how money corrupts her. Daisy Buchanan is another character who lives in an illusory world. Daisy marries Tom only because he has money. Daisy is in love with material objects. She uses her money to get away from reality, and when she feels threatened, she hides behind her money. Furthermore, she says, And I hope shell be a fool-Thats the trounce thing a girl can be in this world, a beautiful little fool.(Pg. 21) regarding her daughter Pammy. This statement shows part of her corruption because she is saying that it is break out to be careless and beautiful instead of worrying about real things. Daisy wears white, which represents purity, but she is corrupted by money, which is gold and yellow. The colors white, yellow and gold are like the flower that Daisy is named after. Another character, Nick Carraway, is one of the few people in The Great Gatsby that lives in reality. Theyre a rotten crowd. Youre worth the whole raspberry bunch put together, (Pg.162) is an example of how Nick realizes the corruption that money brings. While Gatsby allows money to possess him, Nick can see the destructive force of it.

Huckleberry Finn and The Catcher in the Rye essay Essay

The novels The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn and The Catcher in the Rye are both set in clock where the expectations of federation differed from the ones of today. Huckleberry Finn is set in the late 1800s, pre USA civil war and in a time where slavery was an accepted occurrence and the escape of a slave was seen as legally and morally wrong. This was also a time in which church attendance and education were seen as tokens of respectability. A young boy, the eponymous character, Huck, seeks to reject all that he regards as oppressive and cruel in order to establish an alternative life as a wanderer, far from giving control.The Catcher in the Rye, on the new(prenominal) hand, was set in the late 1940s, a time when teens were just beginning to gain their own lives and being allowed more freedom than always before. The picaresque novel gives the reader an insight into middleclass life in New York in the 50s and how one boy felt pin down by the expectations of his parents and sc hool. His period of comparative freedom leads to unexpected consequences as he falls victim to depression and eventual supervision in an institution, putting gainful forever to his dreams of freedom.Both novels present the themes of freedom and escape and the selected extracts portray incidents in the characters lives which focus on this theme. In both of the extracts, the characters are pretending to be someone else, Huckleberry Finn a young girl and Holden Caulfield taking a false identity. The reader may infer from this that by assuming a variant and fake identity, the ii boys can escape from their own lives ones that are full of problems and worries. Escaping their lives allows them both to live a little more freely, even if just for a little while.However, Huckleberry Finn and Holden weigh on their new identities for different reasons. For instance, Huckleberry Finn assumes the alternative identity in order to travel across town without being recognised by anybody, as he w as supposed to have died not long before. Another reason he had to pretend to be a girl is to protect his and Jims safety. Holden on the other hand, assumes the alternative identity in order to befriend people he meets on his journey without the people realising that he should still be at school. dissimilar audiences of the two novels would interpret and receive the occurrences in the extracts very differently.For example, the audience of Huckleberry Finn would be shocked at Huck escaping, living with a slave and then get dressed as a girl. This is because the changes in society since Huckleberry Finn was written are significant. In the late 1800s, young boys were to be well educated and then sent transfer to be a successful businessman, not to escape and run amok. Slaves were also seen as inferior and a possession and anybody helping them was breaking the law. Another amour that the different audiences would feel differently about is the fact that Jim gets called a nigger quite often.An audience of the 1880s would accept that as normal as they were apply to hearing it, whereas an audience of the 2000s would be shocked by this, as the word nigger has a very malicious meaning nowadays and is considered a anti-Semite(a) insult due to the equality rights now instilled in the majority of society, due to the word undergoing perjoration. The audience of Catcher in the Rye would probably not be surprised at the behaviour that Holden employs, as teenagers in the late 1940s were gaining a new sense of freedom and the dangers of letting your children out into the globe unsupervised had not yet been considered.They also would accept that he might befriend any stranger that he comes across. However in the 40s there still existed traditionalistic views about respect for authority although they were gradually evaded. His parents however do not approve of him staying in the hotel by himself. In the 2000s however, we would frown upon a young teenager travelling around alone, talking to strangers and booking a hotel room in a large city. The maturity of the two different characters is also very different.Although Holden wants and tries to be mature, the reader very quickly sees that he is in actual fact very childish and naive. This could be so that he can escape the realities of boastful life, and stay in his idealistic childs world forever. Despite this, he does attempt to seem more of an adult by using more taboo language and more complicated language around people who he would like to impress, like the females in the Lavender Room. For example, he says Im twelve, for Chrissake.Im big for my age. Although the word Chrissake, which is the lyric Christs sake after undergoing elision and with Holdens idiolect, is not considered taboo now, it was still frowned upon in the 1940s, as some sectors of society were still highly religious. Another taboo word he used a lot is Goddamn. Again this word, which is the words God damn that have also underg one elision and are with Holdens idiolect, is no longer considered taboo or offensive, due to the change in society over time.This language choice illustrates Holdens immaturity as it shows that he believes that using taboo words and more complicated language will devil him look more grown up, when in actual fact it simply restores him seem barbaric and pretentious. Huck, on the other hand seems quite comfortable with his maturity level, which is one that seems to fluctuate. For instance, he seems to treat the whole journey in the novel as an adventure, one that fuels his child-like imagination as is shown when Huck plays a prank on Jim. He says I went to the cavern to get some, and found a rattlesnake in there.I killed him, and curled him up at the foot of Jims blanket, ever so natural, thinking thered be some fun when Jim found him there. This illustrates his immature side as children are more promising to play pranks and find them amusing. Another way that Twain shows Hucks im maturity and failed education is through his speech, as Twain uses elision in interpret Hucks speech and gives him a very strong idiolect and dialect. single instance of this is Who done it? weve heard considerable about these goings on, down in Hookerville, besides we dont know who twas that killed Huck Finn. Huck uses the word twas instead of saying it was. Using elision as strong as this also shows us how badly educated Huck is, despite the attempts of Widow Douglas to correct this. However, you do get to see the more mature side of Huck. One example of this is when he makes plans for his escape from his father. He makes a list of the things he needs and even fakes his own death so that he can neer be found. This shows his maturity because he has the initiative to put the plans into place and fool the people he is escaping from.Another example would be when he treats and considers Jim to be his friend, as it is obvious that he has to ignore society and make his own decision t o befriend someone who could potentially get him into trouble with the law. Also, he has to overcome a moral dilemma when deciding whether to escape with Jim, or hand him over to Widow Douglas, to whom Jim rightfully belongs. The fact that Jim is a possession of someone else would shock in advance(p) audiences as they are not used to this due to the change in society.This particularly shows his maturity because he was making a decision about person elses life as well, as Jim would have been sold on if returned to Widow Douglas, therefore thwarting his plan to find his family. The decision that Huck had to make had consequences beyond his control and Huck was fully and completely aware of this whilst making the choice. The central characters in the two novels respond to the theme of escape in different but not quite contrasting ways. For Huckleberry Finn, the journey he goes on allows him to grow up and realise what he wants for himself in the future.Hucks resolve to embrace tradi tional societal values by resuming his studies shows he has come to a positive decision about his future. On the other hand, for Holden the journey is a reality check, as it shows him that he is not ready for the outside and adult world because he hadnt even got the simple childs world right. He saw life as a game, and was stubbornly naive. His loss of autonomy at the end of the novel shows loss of dreams of freedom and little commit of escape from the downward spiral he has found himself in along the way.

The Political Effects of the Vietnam War on 1960’s Pop Culture

Tie Die, JFK, The Beatles, Drugs, Peace, Love, Dr. Martin Luther queen mole rat, Woodstock, Go-Go Boots, Civil Rights, and Vietnam. When we say any of these lyric we presuppose of the 1960s. The 1960s were a landmark in history remembered for puting set forth culture. What lead to much(prenominal) a dramatic change? In the 1950s the style was scarves, poodle skirts, and letter sweaters. The public medication was about teenage boyfriends and girlfriends. Then there was the 1960s. Could we have foreseen that people would wear mini skirts? Could we have foreseen that women would burn their bras in protest? Could we have foreseen that music would take a huge turn toward lyrics of peace, drugs, and mainly rock and roll? Probably not. What could have happened that would change American pop culture so much?There were legion(predicate) events that took place in the 1960s that had an affect on American citizens. The death of John F. Kennedy surprised and upset many Americans. Howeve r, the Vietnam War had the most turbid yield on American pop culture. The Vietnam War changed music, mould, and overall attitudes. Because of the Vietnam War and the undertones of the civil rights sweat, 1960s pop culture significantly invasioned our nation in a way that will be remembered for many years to come.2SzymanskiThe Vietnam War still effects many people. Today, Post Traumatic Stress Syndrome is commonly associated with veterans of the Vietnam War. (Berk 346) During the 1960s there was an Anti-War movement that evolved from the immunity of legal transfer relocation. This movement began on college campuses and spread cross-country. (Radical Times) The Antiwar Movement took place because people didnt understand why American soldiers were in Vietnam. People wanted the soldiers brought home. The Freedom of Speech Movement easily converted to the Antiwar Movement because of the similarity. People felt that this was not right and the issue was of such great importance tha t it needed to be addressed. I feel that the Antiwar Movement was successful and important because it did bring a big money of change to the nation. This change was both political and pop cultural. The Freedom of Speech Movement had limited success. In fact, the Antiwar Movement as rise up as the protests had a large effect on the ending of the Vietnam war. (Radical Times)In conjunction with the Antiwar Movement was the Civil Rights Movement. This event is commonly associated with Dr. Martin Luther King. However, the movement initially began with Rosa Parks and her ability to stand up for what she wanted, a seat toward the front of the bus. (Radical Times) At the clipping of the colour Civil Rights Movement a group cal take the Black Panthers evolved. This group arose as a militant group of young black men led by H. Rap Brown who risked his life to register blacks to vote in 1966. (USA Today) The difference between these civil rights groups is that Martin Luther advocated power finished non-violence, whereas the Black Panthers promoted violence as a means to gain political footholds. (USA Today) For the African3SzymanskiAmerican race there was a lot of momentum gained in the 1960s and there was a lot of ground made politically.The impact of these movements was phenomenal. The Antiwar Movement changed the dress, the music, and the style of nearly all college campuses in the United States. When a person would walk past a college anteroom there would be peace signs hung in windows. (Radical Times) The statement made was seen across America. A wonderful example of the effects of the Antiwar Movement on society is shown in Forrest Gump. There is a scene in which the audience sees an anti protest. The people there epitomize the effect that this had on pop culture. The clothes they wore and the music they listened to exemplifies the weighed down influence this had on the nation.The Civil Rights Movement is one that in like manner made a lot of headway during the 1960s. The assassination of Martin Luther King had a profound effect on the American Society. This event impacted all races. Martin Luther King stood for the thought of that time. His emphasis on peace was one that effected the entire nation. (Carroll 173) Martin Luther King younger is a symbol of harmony, human understanding, tolerance, unity, justice and brotherhood-for every generation. (Albright)Now that we have explored some of the political events that took place in the 1960s, we will explore some major changes in pop culture and how those relate to the political events in depth.The Antiwar Movement had a significant influence on the pop culture of the 1960s. This effect was shown through both music and fashion. The term flower children emerged from the anti war protesters. (Radical Times) They stood for peace love and harmony. They were the first to make tie die and hip huggers extremely4Szymanski favorite. They also had a large influence on the natural look. Women with out bras or makeup and men with long hair and grown out facial hair. preliminary to the antiwar movement, appearance was valued when one was neat and cleanly. (Walley)The pop culture of the 1960s was changed through the antiwar movement and one of the facets of pop culture changed was music. The following lyrics are from a popular song about the antiwar movement. Come on people now, smile on your brother, everybody get together, try to love one another right now. (Forrest Gump) Popular artists such as the Beatles, Cat Stevens, and even the Righteous Brothers wrote music that inspired antiwar protesters and became associated with them. Further in this paper there will be information on Woodstock, a musical and historical event associated with the Anti War movement. The Antiwar Movement was not the only political event to have an effect on pop culture. Although the impact from the Antiwar Movement is seen the most the civil rights movement did have an important role in the evolution of the 1960s pop culture.The Black Civil Rights Movement did have an effect on American Society. The effect of this was not seen as much on pop culture, but it was there. The true effect is shown in the dramatic increase of popularity in rhythm and blues. Prior to rhythm and blues, jazz music was associated as black music. It wasnt played very much on the radio. However, in the 1960s more black artists emerged. The Black Civil Rights Movement heavily effected music. Toward the end of the 1960s African American5Szymanskistyles emerged as popular. Afros were a common and popular hairstyle. (NetFirst) The music styles of Jimmy Hendrix as swell as many other African American artists became known as captionary. (SixtiesMusic.com) Albeit, the civil rights movement and the political ground it gained, put African American styles of fashion and of music in the American pop culture arena.As touched on before, the effect of politics (namely the Vietnam War ) had a significant influence on th e fashion of that time. A feeling of the need for freedomof expression and speech swept over the nation. Because of this feeling, people convey themselves not only through words of protest and actions of protest, but through their clothing. This was the countries way of expressing themselves without saying a word, but through what they wore. As shown in an analytic pop culture web site, invent is never just about clothes, but attitude and expression as well. Up until about 1967, fashion had reflected a item of discover for youth fun-loving, unconscionable and colorful.(Sixtiespopdiary. -fashion)So, what were these fashions that were about attitude and expression? Miniskirts (and even later micro skirts), caused moral outrage and were one of the first dramatic styles to come out in the 1960s. Later, a sloppy look became popular with T-shirts and sandals. Skintight pants also became popular, even so as a unisex article. (Sixtiespopdiary-fashion) The world was changing as unfalter ing as the fashions. In a personal opinion, looking back on this time of a political whirlwind, fashion was just as confusing as the world was.In this subject having to with politics and society, Woodstock is able to show the political influence on pop culture in one single event. In a mere 3 days,6Szymanskithousands of people and influential artists were able to almost spontaneously put on one of the most historically significant pop culture events ever. The hippie look was dominant. Rock and roll and music of expression were the dominant sounds. A feeling of freedom was dominant. In one event, the world expressed the feeling of an era. (Interview) Today, the world of pop culture hails this event by trying to repeat it. Much to the dismay of many, the event cannot be repeated. The later generation looks at the event and realizes that this event was one of expression without even knowing the political events of that time.The Woodstock Music and Art Fair in August of 1969 remain a le gend even today. The spontaneous event captured a generations good feelings. Ironically, there were nearly as many Americans at Woodstock as there were in Vietnam. (Interview) Woodstock took place for 3 short days and there was a lot of rain. People didnt care about the rain, food, or bathrooms. No one wanted to let the essence or the aura go. Halfway through an era of bad news, in the middle of a horrible war, barely a year after the wrenching, terrifying assassinations of Martin Luther King Jr., and Robert F. Kennedy, an entire, desperately wished -for era of good feeling was compressed into a single place and time. That compression produced a corresponding intensity of wonder and delight. (Interview) The reason for Woodstock is well understood. However, it amazes me that such a spontaneous event could have such an unbelievable turnout.7SzymanskiJimi Hendrix was one of the most influential musicians associated with Woodstock. It was there that he played his rendition of the senti ency Spangled Banner. Jimis rendition was considered a brutal insult in its time. It was said that it sounded like a blastedseizure of the national hymn. (Interview) However, today Hendrixs national anthem is popular. When Hendrix performed this there were approximately 30,000 people left at Woodstock. His performance was spontaneous. It was described as his great No to the war, to racism, to whatever you or he might presuppose of and want gone. But then that discord shattered, and for more than four and half long, complex minutes Hendrix pursued each invisible crack in a vessel that had one been whole, feeling out and exploring and testing himself and the music against anguish, rage, fear, hate, love offered, and love refused. When he finished he had created an anthem that could never be summed up and that would never come to rest. (Interview)In summary, because of the Vietnam War and the undertones of the civil rights movement, 1960s pop culture significantly impacted our nation in a way that will be remembered for many years to come. Throughout the nineties, the hippie look became a popular style as a way of expressing ourselves. Popular artists have redone music from the sixties. For example, Natalie merchant has recently redone the popular sixties hit Peace Train. The movie Forrest Gump, which is a summary of both the political and pop culture America in the sixties, won best picture in 1994. Even today, the sixties are a political and pop cultural landmark for the nation.Does this say that the sixties were a period of more turmoil and more change than other decenniums? Does this say that the fashion change more dramatically and rapidly than8Szymanskiother decades? Personally, I feel this decade did. From an outlook of a person who did not live during that time or during the time of many other decades, that decade stands out far above many others. Many political and pop culture figures are remembered and recognized by all ages today. In this era, the pol itics and pop culture overlap. To think that politics touched Americans so much that politics changed peoples perspectives is remarkable, even profound. The death of Kennedy and Martin Luther King had a devastating influence over an entire nation. Yet, everyone soon focused on that feeling of freedom and love. This roller coaster of emotions had a roller coaster of an affect. Has any other decade changed a nation so much and so fast?

Antony and Cleopatra’s relationship Essay

Examine the Strengths and Weaknesses of Antony and Cleopatras relationship and the significance love has on all important(p) events in the play. Antony and Cleopatras strengths in love fluctuate tremendously. Their behaviours toward each other create a chain reaction in the formation of events within the play. It is for these reasons, which watch the direction of the narrative. Antony behaviour is demonstrative of extreme strengths in his love toward Cleopatra, as he is prepared to neglect all his duties in capital of Italy to stay in Egypt with her.His duties in Rome are truly important to stabilise the triumvirate however, he hush finds love more important. We canvass this when a messenger comes to call Antony fend for to Rome, his reply is Let Rome in Tiber melt, and the wide arch / of the ranged empire fall Here is my space(I. 1. 33)1 This shows his idol worship to their love and shows the audience he has a sense of loves value.Antony uses hyperbole in his reply as he sugg ests that the river that flows through Rome will disappear or crumble and the bridge will collapse, earlier he will return, wide arch also accentuates the strength of the bridge, this may show that Romes might is so strong it does non take Antony. This use of language emphasizes how unlikely it is that Antony will leave Cleopatra. It shows he is prepared to suppose Rome, in a sense, be demolished and he will still not care for his duties. We see here that Antony believes love to be a much nobler calling, than his obligations in Rome.While the lovers are in a love-debate we see that it is Cleopatra who is background the rate of knots by her sarcasm and taunts when she says you must not stay here longer. Your dismission/ Is come from Caesar. Therefore hear it, Antony. (I. 1. 26/7)2 leads Antony to neglect his life in Rome to prove his affection for her. It is obvious to us, as it was to Cleopatra and Antony, if he went back to Rome he would be proving her words right therefore ha d no prime(a) but to stay with her, if he wanted to prove his love.We know that Cleopatra wants nothing of the sort for Antony to leave but the more she presses upon Antony, the less he feels the need to to the full fill his duties in Rome. Cleopatra used reverse psychology to keep a grip on their love. Antony also expresses his great love for Cleopatra through his speech much(prenominal) a mutual pair / And such a twain can dot, in which I bind, / On pain of punishment, the world to weet / We stand up peerless. (I. 1. 37/40)Antony is expressing all that matters is the two of them, in-love, that the moral judgement of other people does not matter and they have the whole world in their hands, therefore Rome con lookred a loss. Cleopatra too shows tremendous strengths in love as she shows true signs of missing Antony while he is away. O happy horse, to bear the weight of Antony (I. 5. 21)4 from this Cleopatra is exhibit the magnitude and importance of Antonys splendour.Cleopatra de scribes here that the horse should be flattered to be hurting such a wonderful man, although this is somewhat humorous, as the horse would not feel any honour, we still sense the extreme fidelity Cleopatra has toward Antony. means nothing in comparison to them. We can see here how important Cleopatra is to him and beneficial how much he is willing to give up for her. However it is not only that he is boastful up his life for her but that he sincerely truly believes she is more important, therefore the phrase giving up does not mean anything to him as he believes Rome is not important enough to beCleopatras behaviour is effusive by showing how much she misses him as she talks about him constantly. Where thinkst thou he is now? Stands he, or sits he? / or does he walk? (I. 5. 19/20)5 We see here Cleopatra is continuously thinking of Antony. We imagine her to be entranced by her love for him, as she is enquire questions when she does not require an answer. This gives us the image of her staring into amidst, thinking of all the different things Antony is doing. By going through his different positions stands or sits or walks we see she is thinking about him in great detail and longs for him to be with her.All of this love and devotion led to Lepidus and Caesar resenting the time the once noble Antony spent in Egypt, and despised his neglect of duty. Antonys alliance with the two leaders had been weakened due to love. When faced with opposition from Caesar, Cleopatras enticing behaviour comes into play again. And we see Antonys blindness play himself into a destroying event. Once the suggestion comes about that they will clamber Antony at sea, Antonys reason for doing so is For that he dares us tot. (III. 7. 29)6 This lacks a great deal of strategy and shows his childlike features to stand strong against a dare.As we hear from Enobarbus you therein throw away / The absolute soldiering you have by land,(III. 7. 41/2)7 from this Enobarbus is suggesting Antony has greater chance winning betrothal on land, as there is where his skills lye. It therefore seems completely illogical to fight by sea. The reader believes this because we know that Enobarbus is not fooled by love, therefore we have more reason to trust his judgement. This shows how Shakespeare uses love to move the readers trust to different characters. This raises the suspicion that maybe Antony is showing off, as such, to Cleopatra.He may not want to back down to a dare from fear of losing bravery. Again love influences Antonys decisions, carrying him into jeopardy. We could unsay Antony showing off to Cleopatra however it seems strange that Cleopatra supports Antony fighting at sea By sea what else? (III. 7. 28)8 Cleopatra is testing Antony on his love for her yet again. Cleopatra knows it is best for Antony to fight on land but is determined to make him do what she wants and not the wisest thing. Cleopatra is toying with Antony as she did in the first scene. She is enjoyin g her power over Antony and increasing her egotism tremendously.Ultimately Antony is saying he would die for her. Antony refers to Cleopatra at the end of this deciding scene as a Thetis (III. 7. 60)9, this is a goddess of the sea. We see here that Antony has full cartel and trust in Cleopatra and her ships. Up until act III scene 10 Cleopatra is seen as a very strong and brave character. The reader is aware she is slightly conniving and manipulative however this adds to her charm of character. When Enobarbus says With all their sixty, fly and turn the rudder. (III. 10. 3/4)10 Our opinion of Cleopatra drops a enormously.We know it was her influence which put Antony in battle at sea. Cleopatra knew this too, so the least she could have done was see him through it. Her cowardice creates great anger toward her, not only from Antony and the soldiers but from the reader, again Shakespeare is giving a personal interaction by building our secret desire for Cleopatra to highs and then dro pping her grandeur with no warning. Scarus shows the most realistic and unpretentious tidy sum of the situation by suggesting we have kissed away / Kingdoms(III. 10. 7/8)11 the use of metaphor here creates humorous imagery.Love lead to the reprehensible loss of the empire. Just as Antony kisses Cleopatra, he kissed away his victory. It gives enigmas to the reader as the battle was evenly balanced or could be argued in Antonys favour and yet Cleopatra fled for no unvarnished reason. This completely defies the laws of love and shows Cleopatra as a paradox in contrast to Act I scene 5. Her actions were not at all those of loyalty and devotion like Antonys in Act I scene1and it shows the complete imbalance of love. The audience now dislike Cleopatra and see her as an iniquity in Antony and Cleopatra. as well as this scene confronts the title Antony and Cleopatra as this scene is Antony on his own without Cleopatra by his side. Again we see love from Antony toward Cleopatra. Although i t was foolish that he was Leaving the fight in height and flies after her(III. 10. 20)12 we still se hes ultimate devotion to Cleopatra. height shows how the battle was at important levels, where either side could win, it seems apparent that the battle was not lost due to, the strength of the enemy, the weakness of Antonys army neither bad luck but simply the very ignorance(III. 10. 7) of Antony and Cleopatra.Cleopatras actions were like a cow in june stung by a gadfly(III. 10. 14)14 as the speed of her turn and flight was dreadfully hasty. Antony sacrificed everything for love, his honour, power and the support of his men. Although this angered Antony the queen won him over with her inveigling skills. The third time Antony went to battle at sea, Cleopatra fled yet again.BibliographyPrimary Text Shakespeare William, Antony and Cleopatra, Emrys Jones (ed. ), London, 1977 1 William Shakespeare, Antony and Cleopatra, Emrys Jones (ed. ), London, 1977, page 60.

Jeronimo Martins Group’s Consolidated Balance Sheet Essay

Jeronimo Martins Groups Consolidated Balance Sheet as of 31 celestial latitude 2011 and 31 December 2010, has been analyzed respectively the correspondents values, structure and relevant changes for assets and Liabilities & Sh arholders Equity with following conclusions I.The main assets of Jeronimo Martins Group are noncurrent (about 75%) concentrated in general in tangible assets (about 50%) followed for the intangible assets (about 18%) II.The current assets are mostly inventories and cash or cash equivalent III.The main liabilities of Jeronimo Martins Group are current (about 55%) concentrated mostly in trade creditors, accrued costs and deferred income IV.The noncurrent liabilities are mostly BorrowingsV.Total Shareholders Equity represent around 30% of Total Shareholders Equity and Liabilities VI.The biggest changes in assets, 2010 to 2011, are referred to derivative financial Instruments (-78%) and Cash and Cash equivalents (74%) VII.Changes, 2010 to 2011, in current assets a re 27,1% and noncurrent are 2,4% VIII.The biggest changes in liabilities and be equity are referred to retained earnings (250%) and fair value and other reserves (-101%), provisions for attempt and contingences (106%) IX.Changes, in 2010 to 2011, in current liabilities are 11% and noncurrent are -27% and total equity are 32,63%The structure, values and changes listed above means that Jeronimo Martins Group had, in 2010 and 2011, mostly of its assets as noncurrent, which arent expect to be converted into cash or consumed within 12 month. The current ratio is below 1, so this company doesnt have a big liquidity. canvas the 10 biggest companies in the food area, the current ratio is below those values observed such as in Dole food company (current ratio is 1,5). The current ratio is an entity ability to meet its current obligations or to maturing short term obligations, is an important measure of its financial health.This company present 0,406 (2010) and 0,464 (2011) current ratios , to a greater extent current liabilities than current assets. The total debt to equity ratio represents the long term viability of the company, measure the degree of the indebtedness relative to its equity funding. This company present 2 (2010 and 2011) total debt to equity ratio, more total debt than equity, this imply that greater is this ratio greater is strain on the company to make regular payments to debts holders and higher is the risk of bankruptcy.

Public Reactions to the Qantas Grounding Crisis

Despite a growing chip of studies on crisis communication, in that respect is very little look that get words corporeal crises from a consumer perspective, in particular for crisis movement studies inwardly Australia. Using Yins (2002) exemplar for grimace cultivation seek methods, this research group conducted a qualitative nitty-gritty summary of 1121 earr severally causeries attached to three news binds on the 2011 Qantas basis crisis.Using Weiners ascription system (1986, 1995) and the qualitative content digest softw ar Leximancer, we apply these chin-wags to deconstruct earreach perceptions of the Qantas crisis and isolate different emotional, attitudinal and behavioral responses. Our first major finding indicated that the absolute majority of audience members attributed the crap of the Qantas crisis to managerial decisions or union work. operative Conditions and Government policy was also found to be secondary factors to the crisis build.We also f ound these four causal factors to be strongly associated with audiences obligation judgments. The four hear responsible stakeholder groups that emerged from our analysis were Alan Joyce (Qantas Management), Unions, Employees and the Labor Government. Another important focus of this battlefield examined audiences crisis emotions. Anger was found to be the paramount emotion that emerged from our analysis and was mostly directed towards caution and union stakeholders.Sympathy also emerged as a secondary emotion but was largely directed towards employees and anxiety. Our last research finding showed a number of behavioural intentions within the audience comments. While the majority of these behavioural intentions centre around avoidance and ostracize purchase intentions, a few increased investment intentions also emerged. Although our Leximancer analysis was restricted by a number of technical limitations, these research findings indicate that Weiners Attribution conjecture finish be successfully applied to a real life crisis case study.Despite a growing number of studies on crisis communication, thither is very little research that examines corporate crises from a consumer perspective, particularly for crisis case studies within Australia. Using Yins (2002) framework for case study research methods, this research group conducted a qualitative content analysis of 1121 audience comments attached to three news articles on the 2011 Qantas institution crisis. Using Weiners Attribution possibility (1986, 1995) and the qualitative content analysis software Leximancer, we used these omments to deconstruct audience perceptions of the Qantas crisis and isolate different emotional, attitudinal and behavioural responses. Our first major finding indicated that the majority of audience members attributed the mystify of the Qantas crisis to managerial decisions or union action. Working Conditions and Government policy was also found to be secondary factors to the crisis fount. We also found these four causal factors to be strongly associated with audiences province judgments.The four key responsible stakeholder groups that emerged from our analysis were Alan Joyce (Qantas Management), Unions, Employees and the Labor Government. Another important focus of this study examined audiences crisis emotions. Anger was found to be the predominant emotion that emerged from our analysis and was largely directed towards management and union stakeholders. Sympathy also emerged as a secondary emotion but was largely directed towards employees and management. Our final research finding uncovered a number of behavioural intentions within the audience comments.While the majority of these behavioural intentions centre around avoidance and proscribe purchase intentions, a few increased investment intentions also emerged. Although our Leximancer analysis was restricted by a number of technical limitations, these research findings indicate that Weiners Attrib ution scheme brush off be successfully applied to a real life crisis case study. Abstract Tamara Dorrington (s4177314) Sarah Natasha Raziff (s4275762) Jasmine Soriano (s4272997) Kate Fitzpatrick (s4201686) Roxanne Lim (s4256084) Supervisor Lyn McDonald The University of Queensland, 2012Tamara Dorrington (s4177314) Sarah Natasha Raziff (s4275762) Jasmine Soriano (s4272997) Kate Fitzpatrick (s4201686) Roxanne Lim (s4256084) Supervisor Lyn McDonald The University of Queensland, 2012 Public Reactions to The Qantas Grounding Crisis, A Qualitative Content Analysis A corporate crisis often poses an unpredict sufficient threat that can stick up resounding effects on an organization and its stakeholders (Coombs, 1999, 2010). These effects are largely dependent on how effectively the crisis is managed (Coombs, 2010) and upon stakeholders perceptions of the crisis cause (McDonald, Sparks & Glendon, 2010).To date in that respect has been very little research on consumer reactions t o corporate crises (McDonald, et al. 2010), especi every last(predicate)y for crisesoutside the United States ( lee, 2004). In order to understand the implications of this research project on crisis communication, star must first gain an misgiving of the Qantas grounding crisis. As one of Australias leading domestic and international airline brands, Qantas has a well-established reputation for upholding virtue in safety, operational reliability, engineering, brinytenance and customer service (Qantas, 2012, pp. 2).On October 2011, the caller-out faced one of the largest corporate crises in its 95 years of history, a crisis that had widespread negative impacts on its reputation. After months of failight-emitting diode negotiations between management and union representatives, around 4000 Qantas employees took part in an organized strike, demanding greater job security, better wages and fairer running(a) conditions. Qantas management reacted by grounding its inherent domestic an d international fleet, locking out staff involved in the action and stranding around 68,000 passengers worldwide (Sydney Morning Herald, 2011).The national Government also became involved in the dispute, threatening to terminate strikes under the Fair Work Act if negotiations between union members and management proved winless (new. com. au, 2011) Our case study analysis adds to existing crisis research by analyzing 1121 audience comments attached to three news articles on the Qantas grounding crisis 734 comments from the Sydney Morning Herald article (Live FWA orders Qantas dispute terminated, 2011), 171 comments from the ABC article (Qantas grounds its entire fleet, 2011) and 216 comments from the news. om. au article (Qantas crisis Who won and whos to blame). Using Weiners Attribution Theory (1986, 1995) as a suppositional framework, we used the comments from these three articles to deconstructed audience perceptions of the Qantas crisis and isolate audience members different emotional, attitudinal and behavioral responses. While studies into crisis communication are a popular subject area of research, much of the existing research has used experimental designs to examine the effectiveness of different types of crisis accounts or apologia.A case study analysis of audience reactions to the 2011 Qantas grounding crisis has some(prenominal) a(prenominal) wider implications for crisis management strategies in future. First, by evaluating audience comments, this study provides an insight into stakeholder crisis reactions that may switch greater generalizability than experimental studies. Second, knowledge of audiences attribution exercisees allow help future public relations managers to mitigate negative crisis outcomes and manage brand reputation more effectively. Literature ReviewTo date, there has been very little research on consumer reactions to corporate crises (McDonald, et al. , 2010) particularly for crisis cases outside the United States (Lee , 2004). The majority of existing literature has approached crisis communication from an organisational perspective, using experimental design to examine the relationship between different types of crisis accounts and consumers purchase intentions (Lee, 2004). Very little research has taken a content analysis approach, examining audience reactions to real life crises cases.In bridging this gap, it is relevant to examine real life audience perceptions of crisis cause their association with different emotional, attitudinal and behavioral responses. According to Lee (2004), taking a consumer orientated approach should provide priceless insights into how individuals understand and react to organisational crises. Such knowledge would help public relations managers to mitigate negative crisis outcomes and manage brand reputation more effectively.Theoretical Framework Weiners Attribution Theory (1986, 1995) Our research was primarily guided by Weiners (1986, 1995) Attribution Theory (WAT ), which examines the psychological process by which individuals understand and react to extraneous events. While WAT was originally used as a supposititious framework for examining interpersonal relationships, it has been successfully applied to the context of company crises (McDonald et al. , 2010). Adapting Weiners (1986, 1995) Attribution Theory (WAT) audiences bserve and interpret events, such(prenominal) as the Qantas crisis, making attributions virtually its cause along two causal dimensions Locus (whether the cause was inhering or external to the company) and Controllability (whether the cause was manageable or contumacious). The interpretation of crisis cause under these two constructs leads to a responsibility judgement that, in turn, results in emotions, which then influences behaviors (McDonald et. al. , 2010).Weiner (1995) also suggests that mitigating hatful or personal relevance may also impact the individuals responsibility judgement or the strength of their emotional reaction. The relationship between the motley components of Weiners (1986, 1995) theoretical framework is depicted in the flow chart below. Mitigating Circumstances Mitigating Circumstances In order to successfully apply Weiners (1986, 1195) Attribution Theory (WAT) to the context of the 2011 Qantas grounding crisis, we first examined the individual components of this theoretical framework.A) Attributions of Cause (Locus and Controllability) As previously discussed, Weiners (1986, 1995) Attribution Theory (WAT) suggests that audiences evaluate an event and cod attributions slightly its cause along two dimensions. The Locus dimension refers to the location of the crisis cause as being either interior or external to the organisation (Lee, 2004). Controllability refers to whether the crisis cause is within the control of the organisation or not (Lee, 2004). According to Lee (2004) a crisis cause that is within the boundaries of an organisation (internal locus) is also oft en perceive as controllable.Likewise, a crisis cause that judged to be outside the organisation (external locus) is often viewed as uncontrollable (Lee, 2004). However Coombs (1995) and McDonald et. al. (2010) both hypothesised that crises could be internal and controllable (neglected maintenance), internal and uncontrollable (employee sabotage), external and controllable (failure to comply with government regulations) as well as external and uncontrollable (terrorism sabotage). The graph below represents the causal matrix summarized by McDonald et. al. (2010) Internal ExternalControllable Neglected Maintenance Failure to comply with government regulations Uncontrollable Employee Sabotage Terrorism Sabotage In the context of the Qantas crisis, this leads us to the pursuance research questions Research Question 1 What are the audience perceptions of the key modify factors to the crisis cause? Research Question 2 Are these key factors internal and controllable or external and un controllable? According to Coombs (1995) the causal dimensions of Locus and Controllability have a direct impact upon an audiences crisis response.A study by Folkes (1984) found that locus and controllability had separate effects on customers responsibility judgments, emotions and behavioral intentions. Lee (2004) also suggested that, in a crisis context, events that were perceived to be internal and controllable were viewed more negatively by audience members than those that were considered external and uncontrollable (Lee, 2004). Although separating these two constructs was challenging in analyzing audience comments, the following research questions aided us in chromosome mappingping out ideas for our Leximancer information analysis.Research question 3 What crisis causes are associated with negative and positive crisis reactions? B) Responsibility Judgment The next step in Weiners (1986, 1995) Attribution Theory is the process by which individuals attribute responsibility. Socia l psychologists Fincham and Jaspars (1980) noted that, in an interpersonal context, individuals would often go beyond the attributions of causality to make judgments about who should be held accountable for an observed outcome.Likewise, audiences impart assign crisis responsibility after a causal attribution (Lee, 2004). The direction and degree of responsibility judgment leave therefore depend upon the audiences attributions of crisis cause (Lee, 2004). Coombs and Holladay (1996, 2002) and Jorgensen (1994, 1996) both used Weiners (1986, 1995) causal dimensions of locus and controllability as the foundation for their studies into crisis communication. All found perceptions of crisis cause to be a major determinant of responsibility judgments and subsequent stakeholder reactions.Of particular relevance to our current study, Lee (2004) found crises that were perceived to be internal (locus) and controllable (controllability) were more likely to bring about responsibility judgments a imed at the company and its managers. On the other hand, audiences tended to attribute less blame to the company in situations where the crisis cause was viewed as external and uncontrollable, sooner reacting with agreement and support (Lee, 2004).In analysing audience comments through the use of the Leximancer program, we aim to uncover public sentiment and reveal what major stakeholder groups or individuals are held responsible for the 2011 Qantas crisis. This leads us to the following research question Research question 4 What stakeholder groups are perceived to be responsible for the crisis? C) Crisis Emotions According to Choi and Lin (2009) there is a strong need to explore a variety of crisis emotions, in particular the impact that crisis emotions have upon attitudes toward the company and upon subsequent behavioral intentions (McDonald et. l. , 2010). Several studies (e. g. Coombs Holladay 1996, 2002, Jorgensen 1994, 1996 and Lee 2004) have used Weiners causal dimensions of locus and controllability, finding causal attributions to be a major determinant of stakeholder crisis emotions. McDonald et. al. (2010) found that crisis controllability was the single strongest predictor of anger, sympathy and negative attitude eon Lee (2004) found that in cases where crises were viewed as uncontrollable, pity was elicited.In McDonalds (2010) study, internal crises were found to correspond with fear and surprise epoch external crises were more likely to result in a sympathetic emotion response (McDonald et al. , 2010). These findings validate the concept within Weiners (1986, 1995) Attribution Theory that causal attribution precedes responsibility judgment, which in turn affects crisis emotions. This leads us to the following research question for our Qantas crisis analysis Research question 5 What audience emotions have emerged? D) Behavioral IntentionsWhile responsibility judgment affects emotions, emotions, in turn, impact upon behavioral intentions (Weine r, 1995). Several studies have investigated the relationship between crisis emotion (anger, fear, sadness, joy, surprise) and consumers behavioral intentions. A follow-up of previous literature by McDonald et at. (2010) found that anger influences punitiveness (Jorgensen, 1996), negative purchase intentions (Coombs Holladay, 2007), negative word of mouth (Coombs Holladay, 2007) and indirectly lowers investment intentions (Jorgensen, 1996).Sadness lead to a high reliance on emotional support while fear was associated with venting intentions or avoidance (Jin, 2009). Coombs and Holladay (2007) also found that dissatisfied customers were more likely to enunciate negative sentiments about a product or service than happy customers. This leads us to our final research question regarding the application of Weiners (1986, 1995) Attribution Theory to audiences Qantas crisis response Research Question 6 What audience behavioral intentions have emerged?Based upon the review of existing li terature, the current case study examined how Weiners (1986, 1995) Attribution Theory can be applied to a current crisis case in Australia using actual stakeholder comments. In particular, we expect to uncover associations between Weiners (1986, 1995) causal constructs (locus and controllability), judgments of responsibility, emotions and behavioral intentions within the context of audience comments. Methodology According to Yin (1994), case studies involve a methodical way of aspect at an instance or event within its real-life context.It is a process of collecting data, analyzing information, and reporting the results in order to gain a sharpened understanding of why a particular event occurred, and what might be relevant to future research in the area (Yin, 1994). This research project involved the phylogenesis of a case study analysis that followed a reputation crisis faced by the Australian national airline, Qantas, in October of 2011. By conducting a content analysis of 1121 audience comments, this group was able to deconstruct the crisis narrative and examine audiences attribution process during the 2011 Qantas crisis.Yin defined the research design as a sequence that links data to the studys research questions and findings. In order to address our research questions, this group adopted a variation of Yins (1994) case study design, collecting appropriate enjoin, analysing the data and reporting on the findings. Step one of Yins (1994) case study research methods involved the assembly of data for content analysis. Yin (1994) noted that data gathering could rely on many sources of evidence, one of which includes documentation such as media articles.Following Yins (1994) data collection guidelines, this group collected 1121 reader comments attached to three news articles on the Qantas crisis, including 734 comments from the Sydney Morning Herald online (Live FWA orders Qantas dispute terminated), 171 comments from the ABC website (Qantas grounds its en tire fleet) and 216 comments from news. com. au (Qantas crisis Who won and whos to blame). We then inputted the 1121 audience comments into an excel spreadsheet, organising them on the basis of media source and comment characteristics.The second step in Yins cases study research methods is data analysis. This involves examining and categorizing evidence that is relevant to the study (Yin, 1994). To achieve this, we conducted a content analysis, aided by the concept association software Leximancer. According to Hsieh and Shannon (2005) a qualitative content analysis is one of numerous research methods used to analyse text data. Qualitative content analyses go beyond a simple word association and instead involves an in depth classification of language into an efficient number of categories with similar meanings (Weber, 1990).Leximancer is a software program designed to perform this conceptual analyses of text data in a largely independent manner (Smith, 2003). It is able to analyse la rge volumes of comments and to statistically assess the association between words, make outing emergent themes in the consistency of text. The basis for Leximancers qualitative data analysis is a concept association matrix that is built from relative frequency data (Rooney, 2005). The result is a optical map and insight fascia that identifies the relational characteristics of key concepts (Middleton, Liesch & Steen, 2011).However this raw Leximancer data requires further homo analysis. By further analysing these Leximancer results we were able to analyse audience reactions to the Qantas grounding crisis under the construct of Weiners (1986, 1995) attribution theory. The final phase of Yins cases study research methods involves reporting the results and checking their validity. According to Yin (1994) content analyses involve a jeopardy of committing what has been called the narrative fallacy.This fallacy consists of a propensity to simplify data through a preference for compact stories over complex data sets (Yin, 1994). In case study research, the way to avoid the narrative fallacy is no different from any other error the usual consistent checks for validity and reliability in how data is collected, analyzed and presented. Therefore it was important to conduct a thorough check of the Leximancer results, correlating Leximancer findings with contextual examples within the article comments and providing exemplar samples of audience statements. Research ResultsLeximancer is able to generate two types of sentiment analysis reports a visual concept map showing a detailed assembly of prominent concepts, and an insight dashboard which provides quantitative rankings of concepts and their associated name (Middleton, et al, 2011). The insight dashboard generates information about the data set by analysing the frequency, strength and prominence of reoccurring terms within the text. It then organises these terms into categories, which are groups of recurring sentime nts, and concepts, which are ideas that bear a strong contextual link to these categories (Middleton, et al, 2011).Leximancer also automatically identifies compound concepts, which are two terms that are mentioned adjacent to one another within the context of a larger category (Middleton, et al, 2011). Leximancer analyses the data set using a default thesaurus which it uses to identify terms as positive evidence towards a certain sentiment or category. The user can also adjust the focus of the output results by controlling a number of manual settings within the program. By adjusting these settings, results in answer to our research questions were analysed.Research Question 1 asked what are the audience perceptions of the key contributing factors to the crisis cause? In order to answer this research question, a preliminary Leximancer analysis, examining key causal factors, was conducted. The concept map in figure 1 was generated by inputting all 1121 audience comments into the Lexim ancer program and adjusting the thesaurus settings to recognise related terms (such as Alan Joyce and AJ). The resulting concept map clearly illustrates the key causal categories and maps their association with skirt terms.The main causal concepts that emerge from figure 1 are union action, managerial decisions, working conditions and industrial action. These four terms egress as prominent categories from which smaller, related concepts stem. radiation pattern 1 Leximancer concept map The concept map in figure 1 forms the foundation for the subsequent graphs 2 and 3, where these key concepts are examined in more depth using related data from the insight dashboard. Examining these four main causal categories and their related terms, we can set forth to deconstruct the narrative surrounding the Qantas crisis.In particular, we can begin to analyse audience members attribution process in terms of Weiners theoretical framework. underframe 2 (below) is a pie chart, isolating the four main causal categories and their associated terms. The terms surrounding each main category represent the associated concepts that appeared with relative frequency and strength under each main causal category. Terms such as pathetic, appalled and abominable were linked strongly with managerial Decisions, while Union Action was associated with concepts such as bloody minded, bashing and dominated.Industrial Action was positioned within the context of government policy with related terms such as Gillard, Fair Work Act and Labor. Finally, Working Conditions can be seen positioned alongside key terms like employees, pay and unreasonable Figure 2 Four key crisis factors and related terms Figure 3 shows a further breakdown of each of the four main causal categories. apiece pie chart was generated using the quantitative data in the insight dashboard, which outlines the strength, frequency and prominence of the four key categories and their related terms.The first of the four pie graphs e xplores the category of managerial Decisions. Here we can see that the two major concepts associated with the managerial decisions category are MGMT (an acronym for management) and Alan Joyce. Brand, restructures and failures are secondary concepts that also appeared in association with Managerial Decisions. The second pie graph depicts the breakdown of concepts associated with the category of Industrial Action. Here, industrial action is positioned closely with concepts such as Gillard, Fair Work Australia and Federal Government.Therefore it is limpid that this causal category refers to the impact of government policy on the Qantas crisis. In the working conditions pie graph, the strong association between terms such as employees, collapse and earn with terms such as pay rise, wages, and salary indicate that one of the causes of this crisis involved current pay schemes and unfair working conditions. Finally, Union action is also identified as a main contributing factor to the cri sis cause. This pie graph explores this category by highlighting some of its key associated terms.In particular, one can see the clear association between unions, demands and striking. In the context of the Qantas crisis, union groups made a number of demands regarding current working conditions and this was responsible for a large majority of subsequent employee strikes. Figure 3 graphs exploring the compound categories of managerial decisions, working conditions, Industrial action, and union action Research Question 2 was refer with the application of Weiners (1986, 1995) causal dimensions of Locus and Controllability.It asked whether the key causal factors in the Qantas crisis (identified in figures 1 3) could be classified as internal and controllable or external and uncontrollable. As previously discussed in our literature review, past studies on crisis communication have shown that crises can be either be internal and controllable (neglected maintenance), internal and uncont rollable (employee sabotage), external and controllable (failure to comply with government regulations) or external and uncontrollable (terrorist sabotage). If we adapt our understanding of McDonald et al. 2010) we can apply the following attribution matrix to the current Qantas case study. Figure 4 Qantas attribution matrix . Research question 3 asks what crisis causes can be associated with negative and positive crisis reactions? Figure 5 addresses this research question by using Leximancer insights to compare the appearance of favourable and unfavourable terms within the context of audience comments. To justify the results, Leximancers insight dashboard provides examples of each sentiment with comments directly from the data set.The graph below shows that audience comments carry both favourable and unfavourable connotations towards the concepts of management, industrial action, and employees. The repose of favourable and unfavourable terms for all four causal concepts (manageri al decisions, union action, working conditions and industrial action) is consistent with our preliminary sample of audience comments. Figure 5 unfavourable vs favourable terms Figure 6 addresses research question 4 (What stakeholder groups are perceived to be responsible for the crisis? by using a Leximancer visual concept map depicting the major stakeholder groups identified in the audience comments. The main stakeholder groups that are identified in this visual concept map are * Alan Joyce * Employees * Unions * Government * Qantas customers * Australians in general Figure 6 Responsible Stakeholder clusters Based on the information obtained in figure 4, we can take a step further and categorise these major stakeholder groups as either internal or external to the company. As the CEO and head of the Qantas company, Alan Joyce is identified as largely responsible for managerial decisions.Baggage handlers, ground staff and cabin crew are grouped under the stakeholder heading of employ ees, while the Australian Licenced Engineers Union (ALAEA), the fascinate Workers Union (TWU) and the Australian and International Pilots Union (AIPA) are grouped under the stakeholder heading of unions. Finally, the government is also identified as a responsible stakeholder group, with many audience comments citing the role of Julia Gillard, the Labour government and the Fair Work Act in failing to mitigate the industrial dispute. Figure 7 Responsibility JudgementFigure 8 is a visual representation of the crisis emotion that have emerged from our anlaysis of audience comments. This graph is based on the information taken from Leximancers insight dashboard about the strength, prominence and frequency of various sentiments. Anger was the predominant emotion that emerged from the data set and was directed toward all stakeholders, particularly unions and management. While sympathy emerged as another primary meotion, it was used to express empathy towards workers plights while Sorry wa s used in relation to customers, employees, and industrial action. Support was also a prodominant sentiment that emerged and was verbalized toward all parties in relatively equal degrees. Figure 8 Audience emotions Due to the informal nature of comments and the variation in sentence structure, it was challenging to isolate behavioural intentions from the data set using the Leximancer software. However, a preliminary manual analysis uncovered a number of trends in consumers behavioural intentions. study findings indicated that of the 4% of comments that implied a behavioural intention, most were negative, while a small number showed positive purchase or investment intentions.Figure 9 shows a amaze selection of comments extracted from the data in response to research question 6. This conceptual depiction summarises the main behavioural intentions that emerged from the Qantas crisis. Figure 9 Behavioural intentions Figure 10 is based on a manual analysis of comments over all three news sites, and shows the frequency of behavioural intentions that have emerged from the data set. The category sundry(prenominal) intentions refers to behaviours such as buying shares, venting action, or switching carriers.Figure 10 Behavioural intentions frequency Discussion This case study analysis uncovered a number of key findings that are relevant to crisis communication research. First, our research found that audiences perceived the key contributing factor to the Qantas crisis to be union action, managerial decisions, working conditions and industrial action with the majority of comments attributing the crisis to managerial decisions and union action.When analysing these key causal factors under Weiners dimensions of Locus and Controllability, managerial decisions can be interpreted as both internal and controllable to the company while Union Action can be seen as both external and uncontrollable. If we analyse working conditions in the context of its related terms, we can understand that this cause is about employees observations of their working conditions and the resulting strikes.In particular, this casual factor is about employees being unhappy with current circumstances and demanding better working conditions from Qantas management. While employees are internal to the company, their objections to their working conditions and the ensuing strikes can be understood as relatively uncontrollable. Finally, industrial action in seen within the context of government policy and work place regulation. While the government is external to Qantas, the companys compliance with government regulations is certainly within managements control.Therefore we classify this causal concept as both external and controllable. These findings build upon previous research by Coombs (1995) and McDonald et. al. (2010) that Locus and Controllability can have separate effects on audiences attribution process and that crises may not only be internal/controllable and external/un controllable but also internal /uncontrollable and external /controllable. The second major finding of this research project linked causal attributions to audiences responsibility judgements.When audiences identified the major causal factor as managerial decisions they also tended to attribute blame to Qantas management, in particular to Qantas CEO Alan Joyce. The resulting emotions that emerged from this attribution were anger towards Qantas management and support for unions and employees. This sentiment is exemplified in the audience comment As a QF F of 20+ years I wish to register my total support for the staff and crew at QF over their current legitimate and understandable attempts to prevent Management from destroying the airline which I hold so dear. This customer is nauseous and tired of being exploited by senior management and the board. (ABC. net. au, 2011). These findings are similar to those of Lees (2004) who stated that crises that were perceived to be internal (loc us) and controllable (controllability) would bring about responsibility judgements aimed towards the company and its managers. Another key trend in the data identified union action as the main cause of the crisis. These audience members tended to attribute blame to unions and employees involved in striking action.When union action, which we identified as external and uncontrollable, was attributed as the primary cause of the crisis, audience members tended to respond with anger towards unions and employees and sympathy towards the company and its managers. One example of this is conveyed in the audiences comment Well done Alan Joyce. Striking is the lowest form of human behaviour in my opinion. I hope all these lazy striking staff lose their jobs and are replaced by securelyworking people, who unlike Qantas employees jimmy their jobs, rather than expect that they are their god given right (ABC. et. au, 2011). The third major finding in our case study uncovered a number of audienc e crisis emotions. While we anticipated finding negative audience emotions such as anger and helplessness, we also uncovered a number of positive emotions that explicit support and sympathy towards all stakeholder groups. One such comment that expressed empathy towards the Qantas brand was sourced from the Sydney Morning Herald (2011), Qantas made the right decision and any company which has a strong union presence should do the same if their future is threatened by them.The Australian dollar is strong and to remain competitive globally, hard decision must be made. This leads us to our final major research finding. As could be expected, positive audience emotions were found to be associated with favourable behavioural intentions while negative emotions were found to predict negative purchase intentions. While 81% of behavioural intentions centred on avoidance, complaint and negative purchase intentions, another 14% of the behavioural intentions indicated that the audience intended to continue flying with Qantas, signifying the audiences loyalty to the brand.An example of such positive behavioural intentions is evident in the following audience comment from new. com. au I have always flown Qantas and always will, and to those who say they will never fly them again, you know you will let all those FF perks go to waste Good on you Mr Joyce. (News. com. au, 2011, pp. 8). Although the technical limitations of Leximancer restricted our study, our research project successfully applied Weiners (1986, 1995) Attribution Theory to audiences attribution process in a real life crisis case.These research findings provide valuable insights into how individuals understand and react to organizational crises in the real world. Knowledge of this type will assist public relations managers in creating effective reputation management strategies in the future. Limitations Although our case study can be considered largely effective, we did encounter several(prenominal) limitations that impeded the progress of our research. Most of the limitations we encountered involved the technical capabilities of Leximancer.Of particular relevance to our content analysis was Leximancers inability to comprehend tone and colloquialisms. This meant that a comment that Leximancer identified as positive might actually be a sarcastic remark meant as a negative. We also found that the informal nature of comments was problematic, since there were multiple ways of expressing a particular sentiment. The data set too was limited by the individual news sites comment system. The anonymity of contributors made it hard to clearly identify an audience members level of involvement, unless it was explicitly mentioned in the comment.The anonymity may have led to audience responses phrased more assertively and argumentatively than they would have been if they were named. The news sites also censor the time frame of the comments. By identifying the time stamp attached to each comment, future studies could examine how audience crises responses changed over the crises lifecycle. This would be particularly important as it would reflect the dynamic nature of audiences crisis response (McDonald et. al, 2009) particularly in this study where the online commentary between the audiences is a highly interactive exchange.Conclusion Based on Yins (1994) case study research methods and the theoretical framework of Weiners (1986, 1995) Attribution Theory, this research project found that managerial decisions and union action were the two key contributing factors to the 2011 Qantas grounding crisis. We also identified the main responsible stakeholder groups to be Alan Joyce (Qantas management), employees, unions and the government. Our findings have shown that the primary crisis emotion that emerged was anger, and that this was targeted primarily towards the management and unions.This was followed by sympathy, which empathized with the workers plights, and sorrow which was used in r elation to Qantas customers. However, distant to expectations, support also emerged as a dominant emotion and was expressed towards all stakeholder parties involved in the crisis. These findings suggest that, despite the negative sentiment that has emerged from the grounding crisis, there is still an existing group of passengers who remain loyal to the Qantas brand. Qantas should also take a lesson from these findings in order to better safeguard the interests of their stakeholders in future.This may include being mindful of employee moral and considering the plight of the passengers before taking such drastic measures in the future. Acknowledgments Supervisor Lyn McDonald Course Coordinator Aparna Hebbani References ABC News. (2011, October 29). Qantas grounds entire fleet. ABC News. Retrieved from http//www. abc. net. au/news/2011-10-29/qantas-locking-out-staff/3608250 Ackoff, R. L. (1981). Creating the corporate future. New York John Wiley & Sons Colgan, Paul. (2011, October 31) . Qantas Crisis Who won and whos to blame? News. com. au. Retrieved from

Citizens of Karachi

ALI REHAN (O5461) BLOODSHED EVERY WHERE, BLOOD IS ALL AROUND IS THE BLOOD INVISIBLE? WHY ARENT WE REACTING? Citizens of Karachi argon witnessing probably the lather of the times this city has ever gone through. Despite the horrible circumstances prevailing in the city, it is difficult to mention even a single procedure of public retaliation rigidly condemning it in rightful manner. Have the citizens silently approved all that is happening and learned to live with it? If not, then wherefore dont we hear a call to end this?Since when have these people turned so passive, why dont they fight back? A little deeper look into it will show that people do fight down. Reaction should be a source of damage control, precisely here, unfortunately, the way people react makes it a practice of worsening situation. Blood isnt invisible, we see what is happening, and we hear who is crying, we know that next may be us, fear is all around, we feel baffled The fear that surrounds us and state of being directionless has turned us into passive retaliators who do no harm the people who instill fear, instead, retaliate, but to our feature harm.Burning our own city during protests is commonly seen. It is very unfortunate that citizens of Karachi-for most of the times-act as part of problem. Almost all(prenominal) instance of protest for a right cause ends up in wrong ways. People have stopped trusting each other. A citizen of Karachi roll in the haynot imagine trusting strangers. And for a Karachiite, stranger is every(prenominal) person who is not his/her family member, with exception of a few close friends (r arly). DONT AGREE Try answering this. How many people (outside your immediate family) , can you entrust with RS 1 lac and get the amount back when demanded?Security guards have become a need, we dont feel secure. People have left(p) enjoying the way they did in past ( in that location is a reducing trend observed amongst the number of people visiting cinemas, amusem ent parks, and domestic tourism). A financially favourable person avoids enjoying luxuries he/she can easily afford from the fear of becoming one of the victims of crime. There are hundreds of people who avoid purchasing expensive cars, motorcycles, cellular phone phones etc , as they know that in a city like Karachi , those (police) entrusted with duty to guard your possessions-can make you pennilessHere, criminals have free hands to operate and strong links to escape punishment. It is important to look at how the reactions varies with the social class people belong to. Upper Class that is financially well of, employs security guards, lives in safe areas, and waits for the first opportunity to emigratethis class has isolated itself from the problems faced by common people. They worry a lot, but face a little. With every penny of their possessions insured, there is nothing they would loose.Middle Class employs all its resources to educate itself, and those who succeed, aim to fly abroad at given opportunity (dream is US, CANADA, UK, and MIDDLE EAST). They are the people with maximum potentials. It is always the middle class that plays the most active role in bringing revolutions. Lower Class (which is the largest of all),cannot educate, cannot move abroad, and has strangulateed opportunities to grow, feels insecure. And as a way outjoins the strongest militant group and participates in increasing violence in the city. This is how violence is reciprocated with further violence.How will this cycle stop..? There is no end to the cycle until those with resources (upper class and middle class) arent concerned with solving the issue. There is no end to bloodshed until citizens stop complaining and start thought-provoking the authorities whose interests this killing serves. There is no end to killing until a leader emerges to guide parturiencys of masses in a right direction. There is no end to killing until we learn how to react . How long does it take for a ci tizen of Pakistan to get a bad news to hear? The country has blood move all around.Here people die for reasons, and people die for no reasons. The short-tempered spice loving citizens of Pakistan are habitual of relaxing themselves employing ways that are not only futile when it comes to resolving their issues, instead, they create further worse issues for others to face can hardly recall any public protest that served its purpose without having caused close to state property and public assets. A call to strike means that lacs of people who are daily wage earners will have a day to worry for their need expenditures.People blame and react on suspicions. Our present is full of incidences of political target killings throughout the country and though it has been going on for a long time-our government intelligentsia has delivered a complete failure in figuring out how to stop it. Now let us wait for an saint to visit them and whisper in their ears you need to control supply of arms a nd killings would stop. Another wrong way of reaction is displayed by media in our country-it over reacts.In an effort to sell their story and attract maximum viewership, electronic media channels sensationalize stories to extent of their creativity and capability. Television channels rarely consider the impact that their news transmittance is likely to cast. Hours long broadcast of a single act of terrorism only serves the purpose of terrorist groups as terrorist want their projection to spread fear and media armed service them achieve their desired objective. How will this be reverseed? All the problems that have been created by us need to be fixed by us.At many instances, we are part of problem and at numerous others, our silence over a problem signals that we are ready to live with it. Following examples may seem harsh, but they are a true reflection of reality. We are mentally prepared before sending our children to school, college, university that security of our child is not guaranteed and we would accept any disaster as undeniable/inevitable fate. We may sooner or later get to hear news of our close relatives death in a bombast, pass crime incident or target killing attack and our lives may also end one day in much the similar way.As there is no single problem, there is no single solution. Each one of us will have to consider what lies in his/her sphere of influence, and try to correct that boldly. Courage will have to be demonstrated and sacrifices need to be made. Words do not count, it is our actions that matter. A great quotation of HAZRAT ALI is the maximum limit of cruelty is determined by the tolerance level of the oppressed . We need to be intolerant towards wrongs and challenge it bravely. Nothing would change until we learn to react and react in right manner.

America Needs Its Nerds Essay

In the passage from America Needs Its Nerds, author Leonid Fridman dissect his argument by comparing and contrasting Americas on-going social beliefs and perceptions of the case and the actual positive role taken on by the nerd and why the role that they play is so vital to our society. Friedman begins with, bringing to our attention, the type of wrong our society uses to describe the intellectually curious and academically serious.These types of derogatory terms aid in displaying Fridmans view point on the subject as he believes that the use of these words to describe nerd and geeks are in fact an issue. Fridman uses diction that disgraces our society who casts out nerds because of their intelligence and refusal to conform to societies anti-intellectual values. Friedman applies the term ostracized as a later follow up to the previous description of how it is common for the child whod rather study or read books is looked down upon versus athletes who are falsely praised.In his es say, Friedman gives us insight on the negative connotation of the nerd and the failure to criticize the ones deserving of it. After this accumulation reaches a climax, Fridman establishes a turning point in his argument, utilizing one short and very straightforward sentence to display how exhausted he has become with the stereotype that the studious psyche is automatically given. Here, he begins to shift his tone from bitter and disgusted to motivational and inspiring.He even weaves patriotism into his argument, seemingly stating that the nerd population has become a national disaster zone in need of immediate attention from each individual citizen. Immediately following however, he turns and attacks our nation by natural endowment a comparison between the US and Asia, claiming that they, our rivals, are doing a much better job of appreciating their own intelligence. As Fridman closes, he begins to place his argument into his endorsers hands by asking multiple and repetitive rhet orical questions.By over-generalizing Americas typical parent, he again motivates his reader to set(p) himself apart from the cruel and stereotypical (most likely athletic) crowd and begin appreciating the nerd for himself. In this passage, Fridman makes a noteworthy effort to revolutionize an obviously shallow American standard. With a large dose of his own biased bitterness, and possibly a dash of his own nerdy revenge, he creates the solid argument that America needs its nerds.

Pet Sematary by Stephen King Essay

Setting The fabrication, Pet Sematary by Stephen King is set mostly in Ludlow, Maine. Aside from the feature that Stephen King often sets his novels in Maine, where he was born and grew up, the quiet and laid rump atmosphere of this go forth which has a really small population (only 402 in 2000) has something to do with the novel. As catalyst for the novel, a feature ancient Indian entombment stains is located within walking distance of the Creed family endure in this locality. The value of this setting in this novel is its link with hi account.Ludlow is known to have a 1% American Indian Ancestry and this small ancestry is enough to validate the presence of the Micmac burial ground in the area. With a small population in the locality, it is most likely that most of the people in the place know about the burial ground which explains why a certain Timmy in the novel is referred to as having cosmos buried in the burial ground as healthy. This sets precedence in the story a nd explains hoe Jud is quite well-versed with the lore of this particular burial ground.The setting as well helps to conceal whatever eldritch events that occur in the place therefore making it much believable that people from other places did non hear about the strange occurrences in the place. So, while it is a given that King always sets his novels in towns and counties in Maine, the choice of Ludlow for this novel is obviously intentional and is done to achieve certain effects and objectives these basically, to run into it more believable and to validate the link between the townsfolk and their apparent, inherent association of the critical chemical element of the novel which is the Micmac burial ground.Other than just these technical intentions of the author, it has to be understood that the tone of the novel is also often set by the setting. In this particular novel which starts out in a sleepy, almost passive town, the effect of having something strange and supernatura l occurring serves to upset the status quo of the town. Of course, there is reference to a alike occurrence happening in the prehistorical, but this works to deepen the secret of the town and so because explain the hush-hush attitude of the people.Drop in a metropolitan family preoccupied with the more clear representations of life, and a burial ground that is able to resurrect the dead, and the novel has the perfect setting for the materialization of the tactile desires of the alien family and the chaotic entombplay between these values and the values of the townsfolk. Major characters Louis Creed is the main character of the story and it is his family, starting with the family cat, and and then his son, and finally his married woman that fall victim to the demonic powers of the Micmac Burial ground.Creed is ab initio introduced to be indifferent and academic, but sympathetic and close to his family members. This is vital to his decisions later in the novel. His entrance in to Ludlow, Maine sets in motion a series of events that serve to clearly emphasize the differences his family has with the people in the town not only this, it also serves to create a contrast between the ideals of the people of the town as well as his own ideals.Creed is used in the novel to foreshadow the events that would follow with their moving to Ludlow because it is his pipe dream of a certain university student that leads him to the burial ground in the metaphysical sense. However, more than just the humankind that the novel revolves around this main character, Jud, another character in the story, a friend of Louis plays a very important role in setting in motion the chain of events that lead to the demonic corruption of the Creed family.Jud and Louis are at the different ends of the supernatural spectrum in Pet Sematary Jud is at the initiating end and Louis at the receiving end of the initiation. Jud is a local of Ludlow and has witnessed certain events in the past con nected to the powers of the Micmac burial ground so as a favor to Louis who was instrumental in saving his wife from a fatal punk attack, he takes the family cat of the Creeds which was run over by a truck to the ancient burial ground after which the cat returns to life.This is the first incident that involves the Creeds and the burial ground, so in effect, Jud is the instrument of paradox because it is by dint of him that the novel begins to plummet towards its gruesome and quite horrific climax. Horror Fiction Formula Of course, Pet Sematary, being set in Ludlow, Maine apparently begins with the concept of the Apollonian community.However, a distinct characteristic of this particular novel is the incident that the community is not at all Apollonian in the truest sense of the concept because as the novel unfolds, it reveals that in occurrence, the Micmac burial ground and its demons has had its victims in the past, this being Timmy, who was killed along with his father when the ir house was burned down. In effect, the Creeds generate into the community at a period when it is seemingly Apollonian, but in reality, is merely in a transition period from its dark past to another, darker future.This is important in the novel because the Dionysian force comes done an instrument, Jud, who has experienced the eruption in the past in the person of Timmy. So, it is Jud who becomes the harbinger of the Dionysian force, which in this novel, is the criminal that resides in the Micmac burial ground. The strange thing about this novel is the fact that even with Juds knowledge of the degree of satanic of the Dionysian force he still risks this by entering the Creeds family cat into the grounds of the ancient burial site, even with the knowledge of what the consequences could be.The resurrection of the cat in the novel is the irruption in the novel because it is the manifestation of the Dionysian force, albeit still quite genteel, it actually escalates as Louis Creed de cides to inter his son into the ancient burial site. The only time that the novel deviates from the abomination formula is when the novel moves towards its ending, where quite of pursuing the Dionysian force to put a stop to it or to defeat it, Louis Creed is devoured by the temptation of bringing back his wife, perhaps also blinded by his loneliness and depression.The novel ends with implications of the wife actually returning from the dead. So, although, there is no pursuit of the Dionysian force, the novel still ends the way it should gibe to the formula with implications that the Dionysian force was not in fact defeated or destroyed. Levels of horror peradventure the reason why this novel is so successful and so enjoyed by many horror fans is the fact that it operates on the three levels of horror in an escalating manner. In the beginning, the Apollonian community is merely gripped by its dark past and the burial ground is nothing but a folkloric piece of land behind a dear y cemetery.In this part of the novel, it operates on terror because while many people from the town know of the caption of the burial ground and were witnesses to its demonic powers, the knowledge is still on the level of intangibility, like a account going around town. Later, when the Dionysian force manifests itself in the form of the cat, a mild form of horror begins to emerge which is the resurrected cat more aggressive, more hostile, and possessing the qualities of a dead animal.So, in this sense, the Dionysian force acquires a face or some form of tangibility. The horror becomes more pronounced with the resurrection of Louis son, Gage. This time, the Dionysian force becomes more vivid as Gage is more demonic and more evil. This newly resurrected creature then kills Jud which then transforms the horror into revulsion because along with Jud, the monster kills Rachel. King implies in the story that Gage partially ingest the corpse of Rachel. This adds to the revulsion.The end of the novel adds more to this third level of horror by turning the evil inside out. In effect, instead of the horror merely manifesting itself in the resurrected corpses, it begins to eat through the sanity of the lead remaining protagonist, Louis. So, the revulsion takes a final twist, when because of the insanity of Louis, he also buries his wife in the burial site and his wife returns. In effect, the monstrosity has transcended from being limited only to the dead coming back to the living finally concurring with its evil.